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History of Roman-era Tunisia describes first the Roman Africa Province. Rome took control of Carthage after the Third Punic War (149-146). There was a period of Berber kings allied with Rome (see prior article). Lands surrounding Carthage were annexed and reorganized, and the city of Carthage rebuilt, becoming the third city of the Empire. A long period of prosperity ensued; a cosmopolitan culture evolved. Trade quickened, the fields yielded their fruits. Settlers from across the Empire migrated here, forming a Latin-speaking ethnic mix. Some Berbers rose in society, e.g., Apuleius, while other Berbers remained rural, unlettered, and poor. Several Emperors from Africa reigned. Christianity became strong, and included Augustine of Hippo; yet it was troubled by the Donatist schism. During the eclipse of the Roman Empire, several prominent Berbers revolted. A generation later the Vandals, a Germanic kingdom, arrived and reigned over the former Africa province for nearly a century. A series of Berbers regimes established self-rule at the periphery. The Byzantine Empire eventually recaptured from the Vandals its dominion in 534, which endured until the Islamic conquest, completed in 705. Then came the final undoing of ancient Carthage.〔For background information, e.g., on geography and climate, see History of Tunisia.〕〔For referral to authorities, see footnoted text following.〕 ==Roman Province of Africa== (詳細はdefeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War (149-146), the Roman Republic annexed the city and its vicinity, including rich and developed agricultural lands; their long-time Berber ally Massinissa had died shortly before the fall of the city. This region became the Roman Province of Africa, named after the Berbers for the Latins knew ''Afri'' as a local word for region's Berber people.〔''Afri'' was a "classical Latin name for the Berbers". J. A. Ilevbare, ''Carthage, Rome and the Berbers'' (University of Ibadan 1981) at 177.〕〔The subsequent Arabic name for the region ''Ifriqiya'' evidently derives from the Roman province of Africa. Yet in the middle ages popular genealogies arose there which claimed to traced the origin of the Berber people to an archaic Arab tribe said to have come west to the Maghrib from the Yemen; the tribal leader's name was ''Ifriqish ibn Sayfi''. Hence the Arabic name ''Ifriqiya'' (and presumably also the earlier ''Afri'' known to the Romans). Yet the then contemporary Andalusian writer Ibn Hazm (994-1064) scoffed generally at such popular genealogies, and Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) of Tunis also held them to be false. H. T. Norris, ''The Berbers in Arab Literature'' (Beirut: Librairie du Liban 1982) at 57 (Ifriqish ibn Sayfi), at 39-40 (Ibn Hazm and Ibn Kaldun), at 32-33 (some modern views), at 33-39 (other popular medieval lineages). Compare: History of early Islamic Tunisia#Berber rôle.〕 Adjacent lands to the west were allocated to their Berber allies, who continued to enjoy recognition as independent Berber kingdoms.〔See above, ''Rome and the Berber kings''.〕 At first the old city Utica, north of ruined Carthage, served as provincial capital; yet Carthage was rebuilt eventually. Africa Province then came to encompass the northern half of modern Tunisia, an adjacent region of Algeria (i.e., all of ancient Numidia), plus coastal regions stretching about 400 km to the east (into modern Libya), known then as Tripolitania.〔Roman provincial boundaries were redrawn several times. E.g., Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, ''A History of the Maghrib'' (Cambridge University 1971), map at 32.〕 People from all over the Empire migrated into the Roman Africa Province, most importantly merchants, traders, and mainly veterans in early retirement who settled in Africa on farming plots promised for their military service. Historians like Theodore Mommsen estimated that under Hadrian nearly 1/3 of the eastern Numidia population (roughly modern Tunisia) was descended from Roman veterans. A sizable Latin speaking population developed that was multinational in background, sharing the region with those speaking Punic and Berber languages.〔Abun-Nasr, ''A History of the Maghrib'' (1970, 1977) at 35-37.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Roman-era Tunisia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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